翻译：陈达飞
译者的话
本文为美国参议院2018年6月19日发布的关于国防部、能源部在2019财年费用开支的授权法案，全文1254页，对细枝末节都作了非常详细的规划，本译文为主要内容的概括。可以看出，2019财年，美国军费开始仍将扩张。但这并不是最重要的。最应该引起国人关注的，是其对俄罗斯、中国、朝鲜、伊朗、反恐、关塔那摩湾的策略。首先，这是一个并列关系，都是美国认为的对手，都是有可能会采取军事行动的对象；其次，对俄罗斯的规定最为详细，对中国，则制定了一套"对抗中华人民共和国政府的整体战略，……支持美国与日本、澳大利亚和印度开练联合军事演习，并加强安全合作，以对抗中国在亚洲、东南亚和其他地区日益增长的影响力，还有加强台湾防御能力的计划，包括开展对台军售等；最后还要引起关注的是，伊朗石油禁运与关塔那摩湾的对抗，这都是美国亚太印战略的一部分。
正文
H.R. 5515 authorizes and prioritizes funding for the Departmentof Defense (DoD) and military activities and construction, and prescribes military personnel strengths for Fiscal Year 2019. The bill complies withthe bipartisan budget agreement and authorizes $639.1 billion in base funding.Further, the bill authorizes an additional $69 billion in the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) fund to cover contingency operations. When factoring in $8.9 billion for mandatory defense spending, a total of $717billion is authorized to be appropriated. Significant provisions of thelegislation include:
第5515号决议授权并优先为国防部和军事活动提供资金，并规定了2019财年的军事人员力量。该法案符合两党预算协议，授权了6391亿美元基金。此外，该法案还批准了为海外应急行动追加的690亿美元资金。再考虑到必要的89亿美元的国防开支，共授权拨款7170亿美元。《法案》的重要条文包括:
Caring for Troops and Their Families – The NDAA increasesthe size of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval and Air Reserve, and Air Guard,fully funds a 2.6% pay raise for our troops, and extends a special pay andbonuses for service members in high-demand fields.
照顾军人和他们的家庭：《国防授权法案》（下文简称《法案》）增加了陆军、海军、空军、海军和空军预备役以及空军警卫队的规模，为部队加薪2.6%，并为高需求领域的军人提供了特别薪酬和奖金。
The proposal ensures no military medical treatment facility willbe closed or downgraded until all facilities are transitioned to the DefenseHealth Agency, and directs the Department of Defense to improve the process forreporting crimes to the FBI database, require DoD schools to improve trackingof juvenile misconduct, and refine sexual assault prevention and response tobetter assist victims.
《法案》确保在所有的设施都转换到国防卫生机构之前，不会关闭军队医疗设施，也不会降低其级别；指导国防部改进向FBI数据库报告犯罪的流程；要求国防部学校改进对青少年不当行为的跟踪；完善对性侵的预防和应对措施，以更好地帮助受害者
To honor and celebrate 100 years of patriotic sacrifice for ourmen and women in uniform, the legislation authorizes a parade in the nation'scapital and a national celebration.
为了纪念和庆祝我们的军人在过去100年所做出的爱国奉献，《法案》授权在首都举行游行和全国性的庆祝活动。
1
Restoring Readiness
恢复战备
Increased Training - Thelegislation increases funding for training for each Service. This willallow the Army to conduct 20 Combat Training Center rotations, including fourrotations for the Army National Guard. The Marine Corps is enabled tomaximize the capacity of their full-spectrum collective training exercises.
增加培训：《法案》增加了对每个服务的培训资金。这将允许军队进行20次战斗训练中心的轮换，包括陆军国民警卫队的4次。海军陆战队也能最大限度地发挥其全方位集体训练演习的能力。
Funding for flying hours has been increased by $24.2 million andfunding for other training operations totals nearly $83 million above theincrease already included in the President's Budget Proposal.
空军飞行时数的经费增加了2420万美元，其他训练行动的经费增加了近8 300万美元，超过了总统的预算提案中已经包括的数额。
The bill authorizes an additional $58.9 million to improve andmodernize major combat range and test facility bases to include procurement ofadvanced threat radar systems.
该法案授权另外拨款5890万美元用于改进主要作战靶场和测试基地，包括采购先进的威胁雷达系统，使其达到现代化水平。
Aviation Readiness - Thelegislation fully supports the President's budget request of $2.8 billion forthe procurement of spare airplane parts and authorizes an additional $100million for spare parts for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The bill includes anincrease of $65 million for the A-10 wing replacement program and directs theAir Force to consider using multi-year procurement contracts to generate bettercost-savings.
航空战备：《法案》充分支持总统的预算计划，拨款28亿美元用于采购飞机零件，为F-35联合攻击战斗机的备件额外提供1亿美元，为"A-10翼"替换计划增加6500万美元，还指示空军考虑使用多年采购合同以更好的成本节约。
RepairingEquipment - Thelegislation authorizes $21.8 billion for equipment maintenance and $3.7 billionfor spare parts, which is an increase of $927.9 million over the FY18 Omnibus.
维修设备：《法案》授权拨款218亿美元用于设备维修，拨款37亿美元用于零配件，比FY18综合项目增加了9.279亿美元。
Readiness at Sea - Toaddress recent fatal accidents at sea, the bill directs the Navy to provideclear chains of command for operations and for shipyard maintenance. The Navyis required to establish separate career paths for Surface Warfare Officers tohelp produce crews that are properly trained and skilled. The time a Navyvessel is forward deployed overseas is limited to no more than 10 years, andthe redevelopment of the Former Ship Repair Facility on Guam is prohibiting toensure the Navy retains sufficient ship repair capability in the WesternPacific.
海上战备：为了解决最近海上的致命事故，《法案》指示海军为战斗和船厂维修提供清晰的指挥路线；为地面作战人员建立单独的职业道路，以帮助和提拔那些训练有素和熟练的船员；一艘海军舰艇部署到海外的时间限制为不超过10年；为了确保海军在西太平洋保留足够的船只修理能力，重新开发关岛前船舶修理设施。
The billsupports the accelerated construction of the fourth Ford-class aircraftcarrier, construction of two additional Littoral Combat ships, and supports twoadditional Virginia-class attack submarines in fiscal years 2022 and 2023.
《法案》支持加快建造第四艘福特级航空母舰，再建造两艘滨海战斗舰，并支持在2022和2023财年增加两艘弗吉尼亚级攻击潜艇。
Building aModern Force - The legislation supports the President's request to buy newequipment to replace that which is too broken or too expensive to repair, orlack modern capabilities useful against current and emerging threats. These include:
打造一支现代化的军队：《法案》支持总统的要求，购买新设备，以取代那些因太过破损或太过昂贵而无法修复的设备，或无助于应对当前和正在出现的威胁的现代化能力。包括:
- Authorizing $360 million, an increase of $338.1 million, for Stryker A1 combat vehicles, the most survivable and advanced version of the Stryker combat vehicle.
- 授权3.6亿美元（增加了3.381亿美元），用于建造Stryker A1战车，这是Stryker战车最具生存能力和先进性能的版本。
- Supporting the President's budget request to modernize Army Armored Brigade Combat Team vehicles, including 135 M1 Abrams tanks, 60 Bradley fighting vehicles, 197 Armored multi-purpose vehicles, 38 Improved Recovery Vehicles, and 3,390 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles.
- 支持总统提出的将陆军装甲旅战车现代化的预算要求，其中包括135辆M1型艾布拉姆斯坦克、60辆布拉德利战车、197辆多用途装甲车辆、38辆改进后的恢复车辆以及3,390辆联合轻型战术车辆。
- Authorizing multiyear procurement authorities for F/A-18E/F Super Hornet aircraft, C130 Super Hercules aircraft, E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft, advanced missiles and amphibious ships to generate better cost savings for the taxpayer and provide needed capability to the Navy;
- 批准F/A-18E/F Super Hornet飞机、C130超级大力神飞机、E-2D高级鹰眼飞机、高级导弹和两栖舰艇等多年度采购计划，为纳税人更好地节约成本，为海军提供必备能力;
- Supporting the President's budget request for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter and authorizing 77 aircraft.
- 支持总统对F-35联合攻击战斗机的预算要求，并授权新增77架飞机。
- Authorizing an additional $85 million for additional UH-60M Black Hawk utility helicopters for the Army National Guard. The most modern Black Hawk version.
- 新增授权8500万美元预算给陆军国民警卫队，用于建造UH – 6000M黑鹰通用直升机——最现代化的黑鹰战机。
- Supporting additional funding to maintain the maximum production rate of critical munitions, such as small diameter bombs, joint direct attack munitions, hellfire missiles, advanced precision kill weapon systems, long range anti-ship missiles, tomahawk missiles, advanced medium-range air-to-air missiles and torpedoes.
- 支持增加资金，以维持关键弹药的最大生产速度，如小直径炸弹、联合直接攻击弹药、地狱火导弹、高精密杀伤武器系统、远程反舰导弹、战斧导弹、高级中程空对空导弹和鱼雷。
- Mandating recapitalization of the Navy's 43-year old auxiliary fleet which would help to transport Army and Marine Corps forces in times of conflict.
- 重组已有43年之久的海军辅舰，这将有助于在冲突时期运输陆军和海军陆战队部队。
- Encouraging the rapid development and fielding of interim maneuver short range air defense capabilities and indirect fire protection solutions to address current deficiencies in air and missile defense.
- 鼓励快速发展和部署临时机动短程防空能力和间接防护解决方案，以解决当前空防和导弹防御方面的不足。
- Fully supporting funding for the Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine and the B-21 Raider bomber programs
- 全力支持哥伦比亚级弹道导弹潜艇和B-21掠袭轰炸机项目
- Adding $150 million to accelerate U.S. efforts to field a conventional prompt strike capability before FY22, in response to the critical advances Russia and China have made in developing their prompt strike hypersonic weapons.
- 增加1.5亿美元，在FY22之前加速部署常规快速打击能力，以回应俄罗斯和中国在发展快速攻击超音速武器方面取得的关键进展。
AirborneIntelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance - The bill continues the JointSurveillance Target Attack Radar System Recapitalization program and authorizesan additional $623 million for the program. In addition, bill authorizes $60million to improve the capability of the Army's Gray Eagle unmanned air systemplatform and an additional $105 million for EQ-4 unmanned aircraft systems.
机载情报监视和侦察：《法案》继续执行联合监视目标攻击雷达系统重组计划，并授权为该计划新增拨款6.23亿美元。此外，比尔授权6000万美元用于改进陆军灰鹰无人机系统平台，另外拨款1.05亿美元用于改进EQ-4无人机系统。
RebuildingInfrastructure - There is an increase in funding for facilities sustainment by$470.9 million and authorizes $11.3 billion for military construction,including family housing. An additional $340.5 million is authorized for depotmaintenance.
重建基础设施：维持设施的经费增加了4.709亿美元，另批准包括家庭住房在内军事建设经费113亿美元，还授权了3.4050亿美元用于仓库维护。
ExpandingAgility -The billrepeals dozens of obsolete provisions or law, prescriptive statutoryrequirements for positions and officers, and outdated reporting requirements.
增加灵活性：《法案》废除了数十项过时的条款或法律、对职位和官员的规定，以及过时的报告要求。
Reforming Bureaucracy - The bill creates a new DOD Chief Management Officer charged withfinding efficiencies and reducing by 25% the budget of certain Department-wideactivities including logistics, human resources, services contracting, and realproperty management by 2021.
改革官僚体制：《法案》设立了一个新的国防部首席管理官，负责提升效率，在2021年前削减部门范围内的25%的预算，包括后勤、人力资源、服务承包和不动产管理。
Readiness Accountability - The bill requires enhanced quarterly readiness reports thatinclude measures of cyber and space readiness, and a new requirement forcombatant commanders to report readiness to fight an integrated battle usingair, ground, sea, space, and cyber forces.
战备责任制：《法案》要求强化季度战备报告，包括网络战备和空间战备措施，并要求作战指挥官报告利用空中、地面、海上、空间和网络力量进行综合作战的战备情况。
1
Strategic Readiness
策略准备
Nuclear Deterrence – Thelegislation makes critical investments to modernize America's nuclear deterrentand align it with modern threats by pursuing a lower-yield ballistic missilewarhead to strengthen deterrence, adding $325 million for the National NuclearSecurity Administration's nuclear weapons activities, and increasing funding toaccelerate the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent and the Long-Range Standoffcruise missile.
核威慑：《法案》通过追求低当量弹道导弹弹头来加强威慑，对美国的核威慑现代化进行了关键投资，并使其与现代威胁相结合。增加3.25亿美元用于国家核安全管理局的核武器活动，增加用于加速基于陆地的战略威慑导弹和远程对峙巡航导弹的资金。
Missile Defense – Tofurther the utility and practicality of missile defense, the bill:
导弹防御：进一步增加导弹防御有用性和实用性的，《法案》内容包括:
- Supports the President's request for missile defense and adds $140 million to the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) for development of critical energy, and Space sensing projects, and the acceleration of hypersonic defense capabilities.
- 支持总统的导弹防御请求，并向导弹防御局(MDA)增加1.4亿美元，用于开发关键能源和空间传感项目，以及加速提升超音速国防能力。
- Adds $175 million to accelerate integration of Patriot (for lower altitudes) and Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (higher altitudes) missiles to meet the requirements of the Commander of U.S. Forces in Korea.
- 增加1.75亿美元，以加速爱国者导弹(低海拔)和终端高空区域防御(高海拔)导弹的整合，以满足驻韩美军指挥官的要求。
- Requires the Director of MDA to continue development for the homeland defense radar in Hawaii.
- 要求导弹防御局局长继续在夏威夷开发国土防御雷达。
- Provides increased funding to address cyber threats to our missile defense systems.
- 提供更多资金以应对我们导弹防御系统面临的网络威胁。
- Supports the President's request of $500 million for co-development of missile defense systems with Israel, and co-production of Iron Dome, David's Sling, and Arrow weapons systems.
- 支持总统提出的5亿美元的请求，用于与以色列共同开发导弹防御系统，以及共同生产代号为"铁穹"、"大卫的吊索"和"箭"的武器系统。
Space Warfighting – The legislation directs the Department of Defense to developa plan to establish a separate alternative acquisition process for spaceacquisitions and directs the Secretary of the Air Force to develop andimplement a plan to increase the size and quality of the space cadre within theAir Force. The bill establishes a sub-unified command for space under the StrategicCommand for carrying out joint space warfighting and directs the Secretary todevelop a plan that identifies joint mission-essential tasks for space as awarfighting domain.
太空作战：《法案》指示国防部制定一项计划，为空间收购建立一个单独的替代收购程序，还指示空军部长制定和实施一项旨在增加空军内部干部规模和质量的计划。《法案》在战略司令部下设立了一个分管空间的分局，用于开展联合空间作战。
1
Facing New Threats
直面新威胁
Emerging Technologies – To address advancements in Artificial Intelligence, space andcounter-space capabilities, cyber, and hypersonics the bill places emphasis onprograms to advance capabilities in these areas. The legislation fully supportsthe Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Defense Innovation UnitExperimental to ensure technological superiority and provides additional fundingto accelerate Artificial Intelligence, machine learning programs, andhypersonics programs.
新兴技术：为了应对人工智能、空间和反空间技术、网络、和超声速方面的进步，《法案》在提升这些领域能力的项目上划了重点，大力支持国防高级研究计划局和国防创新单位实验，以确保技术优势，并提供额外资金以加速人工智能、机器学习计划和超自然力计划。
Russia – Thelegislation takes the following steps to combat Russian aggression towards theUnited States and its allies:
俄罗斯：《法案》采取以下步骤，以打击俄罗斯对美国及其盟国的侵略:
- Withholding funding for Open Skies Treaty aircraft and sensors until Russia again complies with the Treaty and takes other steps, including agreeing to extradite Russian nationals who have been indicted for their actions against the United States during the 2016 election.
- 暂停为《开放天空条约》飞机和传感器提供资金，直到俄罗斯再次遵守《开放天空条约》以及采取其他措施之前，包括同意引渡在美国2016年大选期间对美国采取行动而受到指控的俄罗斯公民。
- Funding research and development to counter weapons being deployed by Russia that are in contravention of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty.
- 资助研究和开发对抗俄罗斯部署的违反《中导条约》的武器。
- Levying new sanctions on Russia's arms industry in response to that country's treaty violations.
- 针对俄罗斯违反条约的行为，对其军火产业实施新的制裁。
- Prohibiting military-to-military cooperation with Russia.
- 禁止与俄罗斯开展军事合作。
- Prohibiting the U.S. government's recognition of the absorption of Crimea into the Russian Federation.
- 禁止美国政府承认克里米亚并入俄罗斯联邦。
- Funding the President's request for Ukraine, including $250 million for lethal defensive items.
- 为总统对乌克兰的请求提供资金，包括2.5亿美元防御项目筹建资金。
- Funding the President's request for $6.3 billion for the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) to further increase number of U.S. troops in Europe, reassure U.S. partners and allies, and deter Russian aggression.
- 为总统提出的63亿美元欧洲威慑计划提供资金，以进一步增加美国在欧洲的驻军，安抚美国的伙伴和盟友，并阻止俄罗斯的侵略。
- Moves the EDI-related request for wartime materiel, known as the "Army Prepositioned Stock Unit Set" to the base budget, to encourage future such requests be to be included in the base budget.
- 将与"欧洲威慑计划"相关的战时物资需求，即所谓的"陆军预置库存单位"的基础预算，用于鼓励将未来此类请求纳入基础预算。
- Instructing the President to designate an official on the staff of the National Security Council to coordinate a whole-of-government response to malign foreign influence campaigns against the United States.
- 指示总统任命一名国家安全委员会的官员，协调政府各部门的行动，以应对针对美国的有害的外国活动。
- Bolstering international partnerships and providing additional funding for cyber warfare and influence operations to counter Russian aggression, cyber, and information warfare threats.
- 加强建立国际伙伴关系，为网络战提供额外资金，以对抗俄罗斯的入侵、网络战和信息战的威胁。
China – As Chinamakes investments and advances in its military capabilities, this legislationdirects a whole-of-government strategy to confront the People's Republic ofChina and bolsters DOD's efforts to plan for and provide the necessary forcesand military infrastructure and logistics capabilities in the region. The billsupports military exercises with Japan, Australia, and India and improvessecurity cooperation to counter China's rising influence in Asia, SoutheastAsia, and other regions.
中国：随着中国在军事能力上的投资和进步，《法案》指导了一项对抗中华人民共和国政府的整体战略，并支持美国国防部在该地区规划和提供必要力量、军事基础设施和后勤等工作。该法案支持美国与日本、澳大利亚和印度开练联合军事演习，并加强安全合作，以对抗中国在亚洲、东南亚和其他地区日益增长的影响力。
Support forimproving Taiwan's defense capabilities are included in the bill, includingjoint training, military sales, and the use of security cooperationauthorities, and the legislation prohibits any U.S. government agency fromusing risky technology.
《法案》还要求对提高台湾国防能力提供支持，包括联合训练、军事设施和装备的销售和安全合作机构的使用。《法案》禁止任何美国政府机构使用有风险技术。
North Korea - As NorthKorea continues its dangerous and destabilizing development of nuclear weaponsand ballistic missiles, the bill ensures U.S. forces are ready for potentialconflict on the Korean Peninsula. The legislation expresses support forregional missile defense exercises and supports the President's budget requestfor the Army's precision strike missile program.
朝鲜：因为朝鲜继续发展其危险和不稳定的核武器和弹道导弹，《法案》要求美国军队准备好应对与朝鲜半岛的潜在冲突。《法案》表达了对区域导弹防御演习的支持，并支持总统对陆军精确打击导弹计划的预算要求。
Counterterrorism – The billauthorizes the Counter ISIS Train and Equip Fund to aid partners and alliesfighting ISIS. The bill authorizes continued security cooperation withthe Government of Iraq and supports the Afghan military in its fight againstthe Taliban. U.S. Special Operations Command programs and activities areauthorized including ongoing efforts in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Yemen,Somalia, and Eastern Europe.
反恐：《法案》授权了"反ISIS培训和装备"的专项基金，以帮助对抗ISIS的伙伴和盟友。《法案》授权继续与伊拉克政府进行安全合作，并支持阿富汗军队打击塔利班。特别行动指挥计划和活动得到授权，包括在伊拉克、叙利亚、阿富汗、也门、索马里和东欧开展的一系列活动。
Iran – Thelegislation establishes a Defense Partnership to Counter Iran, extendsauthority for the Counter ISIS fund and expresses Congress' support for theGulf Cooperation Council unity.
伊朗：《法案》建立了对抗伊朗的防御伙伴关系，扩大了反ISIS基金的权力，并表达了国会对海湾合作委员会团结的支持。
Guantanamo Bay(GTMO)- The bill carries annual restrictions against transferring detaineesfrom the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay to the United States and buildingor modifying facilities in the United States for housing detainees. H.R. 5515also prohibits DoD from using any funds to transfer the U.S. Naval Base atGuantanamo Bay back to Cuba.
关塔那摩湾：《法案》对将被拘留者从关塔纳摩湾拘留中心转移到美国以及在美国建造或改造关押被拘留者的设施进行了限制，还禁止国防部使用任何资金将关塔那摩湾的美国海军基地转移回古巴。
—— 一瓣
没有评论:
发表评论