Why Tunis, Why Cairo?
为什么突尼斯?为什么埃及?
Issandr El Amrani
'Egypt is not Tunisia,' the pundits repeatedly said on television after Zine Abedine Ben-Ali fled Tunis for Saudi Arabia. They pointed to the differences between the two countries: one small, well-educated, largely middle-class; the other the largest in terms of population in the Arab world, with a high rate of illiteracy and ever widening inequality. Tunisia was a repressive police state in which information was tightly controlled and most people never dared to criticise the leadership out loud. Egypt was a military dictatorship that allowed a fair amount of freedom of expression, as long as it had no political consequences: you could criticise the president, but not launch a campaign to unseat him. In Tunisia, a rapacious first family indulged in widespread racketeering, alienating every social class. In Egypt, most of the elite benefited from the stability the regime maintained, and while corruption was endemic, it was not generally identified with a single clan.
"埃及不是突尼斯",在Zine Abedine本·阿里逃离突尼斯去沙特阿拉伯后,权威人士在电视节目上反复说。他们指出两个国家的不同之处:一个是地方小,受过良好教育,大部分是中产阶级;另一个在阿拉伯世界中人口最多,具有高文盲率和不断扩大的不平等。突尼斯是一个警察镇压的国家,在那里信息被严格控制,大多数人从来不敢大声批评领导人;埃及则是一个允许一定程度言论自由的军事独裁国家,只要不带来什么政治后果,你可以批评总统,但不能发起运动去赶他下台。在突尼斯,贪婪的第一家庭沉溺于广泛的敲诈勒索中,而疏远了社会各阶层。在埃及,大多数的精英受益于稳定的政权,虽然腐败是地方病,但它一般不等同于一个家族。
But there were also important similarities. In recent years, the legitimacy of both regimes had begun to wane; in each case the ruler had been in place so long that half the population had no memory of his predecessor – more than 23 years in the case of Ben-Ali, nearly 30 in the case of Hosni Mubarak. People were uncertain about the future. Both regimes had effectively emptied formal politics of meaning by banning any party that had real popular appeal and restricting others to the status of a loyal opposition, thus depriving itself of intermediaries between the state and its citizens who could have negotiated an end to the crisis. Both countries' supposed stability was dependent on a strategic relationship with the West. Tunisia enjoyed a warm and privileged relationship with Paris: it was reassuring for the French, angst-ridden about the growing visibility of their Muslim minority, to be able to look approvingly on a Muslim country that peddled its own commitment to laïcité as a signal that although it might be a dictatorship, it was an enlightened and progressive one. As for Egypt, Anthony Eden may have described Nasser as 'that Hitler on the Nile', but after the 1978 Camp David Accords the country became a pillar of American interests in the Middle East and – by its withdrawal from the Arab-Israeli conflict – an unwitting enabler of the expansionism of the Zionist state.
但是两者也有着重要的相似之处。近几年,两个政权的合法性都开始衰落,两个国家的统治者在位的时间非常长,有一半的人口对他的前任没有任何记忆——本·阿里在位时间超过23年,胡斯尼·穆巴拉克在位时间几乎长达30年。人们对未来不确定。这两个政权通过限制任何一个政党有实际的号召力和限制他人忠诚于反对派的地位的方式,颠覆了政治的本来涵义,从而剥夺政治作为国家和公民之间以谈判来结束危机的媒介作用。两个国家所谓的稳定是依赖于与西方的战略合作关系。突尼斯与巴黎之间有特殊而温情的关系:他是让法国人放心的,虽然法国对日益增长的穆斯林少数民族的知名度感到焦虑,但能够以赞许的目光来看一个穆斯林国家,其兜售自己的承诺,政教分离虽然可能是一个独裁政权的信号,但也是一个开明和进步之一。对于埃及,Anthony Eden描述纳赛尔是"尼罗河上的希特勒",但在1978年的戴维营协议后,这个国家变成了美国在中东地区利益的支柱——随着它从阿拉伯和以色列的冲突中抽身撤离,成了犹太复国主义国家的扩张主义不知情的推动者。
Above all, Tunisia and Egypt were the last places in which most people – whether experts or ordinary citizens – would have expected to see uprisings anything like those of recent weeks. On the evening of 27 January, I sat in a hotel room in Tunis, eyes glued to Twitter for news of what was happening in Egypt. I had come the previous week to report on the Tunisian revolution, which on 14 January had forced Ben-Ali to flee. The mood in Tunis was exhilarating, the situation seemed pregnant with possibility. I didn't recognise the country I knew: a people I had thought cowed by years of subtle psychological terror as practised by one of the Arab world's most sophisticated police regimes, had changed overnight. On my last visit to Tunis, in 2003, people had seemed to be on the edge of a nervous breakdown, and in some way – cruel though it may be to say this – complicit in their own predicament. Now Tunisians were high on the freedom not only to express themselves, but to imagine the future shape their country might take.
总之,突尼斯和埃及是最后的地方,大多数人——无论是专家还是普通公民,本来都期望看到就像最近几个星期的起义之类的事情。1月27日晚上,我坐在突尼斯一家旅馆的房间里,盯着推特,看正发生在埃及的新闻。我来的前一周报告了突尼斯革命,在1月14日,本·阿里被迫逃离。突尼斯的气氛令人振奋,局势看起来像有可能怀孕。我不认识我曾了解的这个国家:我曾认为它是一个实行阿拉伯世界最先进的警察制度,通过多年微妙的心理恐怖吓倒人民的政权,在一夜之间被改变了。我上一次访问突尼斯是2003年,人们看起来处于神经崩溃的边缘,而且在某种程度上——虽然可能这么说有点残酷,是自己困境的同谋。现在的突尼斯人不仅拥有表达自我的高度自由,而且拥有规划他们国家未来走向的自由。
Just before midnight, I began to receive calls from Cairo that the internet there was no longer working. A few days later I would find out that State Security had been monitoring and controlling the flow of voice and data communication since the first day of the protest, during which they had either shut off or lowered the capacity of mobile phone relay towers in areas where the protesters were congregating. It was the first sign of regime panic. As one friend said, 'It was as if I had gone to bed in Egypt and woken up the next day in North Korea.'
就在午夜之前,我接到来自开罗的电话,那儿的互联网已不再有。几天后,我发现从第一次抗议以来,国家安全部门一直在监测和控制的语音和数据通信,期间他们或是切断,或是降低那些示威者聚集地的移动电话中继塔的容量。这是政权恐慌的第一个信号,正如一个朋友所说,"这好像我晚上还睡在埃及,而第二天早上醒来却发现在朝鲜。"
I have lived in Egypt for 11 years. The internet has almost never been censored. A privately owned press had blossomed there, providing the critical news coverage previously absent from the state-controlled media. There was limited freedom of association; the regime occasionally cracked down on protests, particularly if Islamists were involved, but otherwise it was usually willing to tolerate protests. It had, however unconvincingly, appropriated the reform discourse of the opposition and shifted to a subtler, neo-authoritarian mode. Egypt is a largely globalised country, reliant on foreign investment and money from tourism, whose PR stresses its 'moderate' nature and the openness of its people. But there will be no return to the status quo after recent events: the shutdown of the internet, violent clashes between riot control police and protesters, and a dying regime's cynical manipulation of the security situation has made that much certain.
我在埃及已经生活了11年,互联网几乎从未被审查过。私人拥有的新闻业遍地开花,提供了国家媒体未覆盖到的重要新闻。结社自由受到限制,政权偶尔会镇压抗议活动,特别是如果有伊斯兰主义者参与的,但其它时候通常愿意容忍抗议。然而勉强有挪用反对派的改革话语,放入到一个微妙的新威权模式里。埃及是一个巨大的全球性国家,依赖于国外投资和旅游业收入,公关强调它的"适度"的性质和开放性。但经过最近这些事件后,这种现状将踏入不归路:互联网关闭,防暴警察与示威者间的暴力冲突,一个垂死政权对社会安全局势玩世不恭的操纵,使之更甚。
The significance of Tunisia's revolution was to demonstrate that change is possible in the Arab world; it was a spark that found ready kindling in Egypt and elsewhere. The import of the events in Egypt is different: the legitimacy of military-backed Arab republican regimes in place since the 1950s and 1960s has evaporated, but they too are learning from the Tunisian example and will stop at nothing to maintain their position. The question now is no longer whether Mubarak will survive as Egypt's president, but whether the regime he represented – his generation of military officers were the immediate successors of the men who had participated in the coup that overthrew the monarchy – will be able to continue.
突尼斯革命的重大意义在于,它证明了在阿拉伯世界改变是有可能的,是可以在埃及和其他地方点燃的火花。20世纪50年代和60年代以来,军方支持的阿拉伯共和政体的合法性已消亡殆尽。他们也在突尼斯事件中学习,力图不择手段维护他们的地位。现在的问题是穆巴拉克作为埃及的总统还能存在多久,而他所代表的政权——和他同时代的参与政变、推翻君主制的军方军官立即成了他的继任者,还会继续下去吗。
Mubarak's appointment of his long-time confidant and chief of intelligence, Omar Suleiman, as vice-president (and in effect as heir apparent) on 29 January and the speech he delivered on 2 February announcing that he will step down in September, when presidential elections are scheduled, testified to this former air force pilot's loyalty to the institution that shaped his life, the military. As normal life has shut down across the country, and the police and security forces have largely disappeared in many cities, the army has remained the only institution to preserve any legitimacy in the eyes of the protesters, who initially welcomed the soldiers with flowers. But, as I learned in Tunisia, the public mood can swing rapidly, and after the sad spectacle of soldiers looking on as a pro-Mubarak mob attacked the protesters in Tahrir Square with swords, metal bars and Molotov cocktails, hope for a gradual, negotiated transition to democray is now almost nil. Either the military will continue to stand by and let a mob raised by the regime end the protest or it will turn against itself, with younger officers taking on the likes of Mubarak and Suleiman and the ageing generation who are Egypt's 'deep' state. This latter outcome, unfortunately, does not appear likely.
1月29日,受到穆巴拉克信任的情报首脑,奥马尔·苏莱曼,被任命为副总统,并在2月2日发表讲话,宣布他将于9月份总统选举开展时下台,证明了这位前空军飞行员对塑造了他的生命,和军事机构的忠诚。在全国范围内,正常的生活秩序已不复存在,在大多数城市里,警察、安全部队已不再出现,军队在抗议者眼中还是保有合法性的政权机构,抗议者甚至捧花欢迎士兵。但,正如我在突尼斯了解到的,民众情绪摇摆不定,并且在士兵们像一个亲穆巴拉克暴徒一样用剑、金属条和莫洛托夫鸡尾酒攻击在塔利尔广场的示威者的悲伤景象出现后,民众希望能循序渐进,协商过渡到民主的愿望在现在几乎为零。军队将继续袖手旁观,纵容权力纠集暴徒们终结抗议,或是会变成另外一个样子,取决于喜欢穆巴拉克总统和苏莱曼的年轻军官与埃及"深"状态的老龄一代。这后一种结果,不幸的很,可能不会出现。
That the military should find itself in this position represents a colossal failure, primarily of the elaborate police state it had established over the last few decades precisely in order to distance itself, as an institution, from the day-to-day repression that kept the regime in place and ensured that no viable opposition leadership could emerge. Since the Camp David Accords of 1978, the military has been profiting from its role in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Egypt's standing army of more than 460,000 men, with its 4000 tanks and hundreds of fighter jets, with its three-year conscription (used to a large extent to provide free labour to army-owned farms and factories turning out dairy produce, poultry, bottled water and countless other goods), its lavish medical facilities and officers' clubs, has never had to justify its existence or the drain it represents on the state budget.
军队应该发现自己正处于代表了一个巨大的失败的位置上,主要表现为这些繁杂的警察部门声称他们已经在过去的几十年中建立起一项制度---从日复一日的镇压以维持统治并确保不出现反对派领袖。自1978年的戴维营协议后,军队一直受益于他们在阿拉伯以色列冲突中扮演的角色.埃及的超过460000步兵,4000辆坦克,数百架喷气式战机和三年制兵役(曾大规模地向军队所属的生产奶制品,家禽,瓶装水和其他无以计数产品的农场和工厂提供无偿劳力),以及该国耗资巨大的医疗设施及官员俱乐部从未证实过自己的存在的价值并在不断耗费国家预算开支.
At the same time, a security establishment estimated to employ, including informants, up to two million people, formed a parallel government, defusing dissent at a local level. It was security personnel, and not cabinet ministers, who negotiated with striking workers and contained the demonstrations by the anti-Mubarak movements that sprang up after 2005 in reaction to the president's apparent desire to hold on to the post for life and ensure that his son Gamal would succeed him. Egyptians with any public standing – politicians, businessmen, journalists – had a security handler, a relationship that served to intimidate, reward and guide. The result was a political ecosystem with much more flexibility than existed in Tunisia under Ben-Ali, but this flexibility had its limits, and the system proved surprisingly unable to adapt when faced with a leaderless protest movement. It turned out that the biggest weakness of the Egyptian opposition – its inability to produce a charismatic leader with wide public appeal – was also its strength.
同时,一个被认为雇佣包括告密者在内的数以二百万人的安全机构形成了一个平行政府,在地方一级化解异议。是安全部门而不是内阁部长与罢工者协商并抑制了2005年后因穆巴拉克的强烈终身任职欲望并致力于使其儿子贾迈勒继任而导致的反穆巴拉克运动。埃及人以及那些诸如政治家,商人及新闻工作者在内的有公众地位的人有安保实施者,与那些从事恐吓,奖赏及向导工作的人有关系。其结果是生成了一个比在本·阿里领导下的突尼斯更具灵活一个政治生态系统,但是这种灵活性了有它的局限性,当面对无领导者的反对运动的时候这个系统令人吃惊地被证实无所适从。
The man at the centre of this failure is Habib al-Adly, Mubarak's minister of the interior since November 1997. Despite scandals over widespread torture, a decline in the quality of police work (Egyptian prosecutors often find themselves having to drop cases because defence lawyers can plausibly, and usually truthfully, claim that their client's confession was extracted by torture), three major terrorist attacks in Sinai and several smaller incidents in Cairo, and increasing resentment of the security services' intrusion in people's daily lives, al-Adly emerged as one of the strongmen of the late Mubarak era.
在这场失败的核心人物是哈比比 al-Adly,即自1997年11月上任的穆巴拉克内务部长。除了普遍存在的刑讯拷问丑闻,维护治安工作效率的不断退步(由于辩护律师巧言令色,并深信他们的委托人遭刑讯逼供,埃及控诉人经常发现他们不得不停止诉讼),三起在西奈半岛的重大恐怖袭击和几个在开罗较小的事故,以及人们对日常生活入侵式安全服务的日益不满,al-Adly成为已结束的穆巴拉克时代的强人之一。
He was the first of a new generation of security officers to become interior minister. In the 1990s, he received FBI training and brought in some of its methods, especially after the Iraq War increased the size and reach of the anti-Mubarak movement. He controlled State Security, a body that has long been used to stem internal dissent (at one time it focused on Communists, later on Islamists) and has in the last decade handled opposition politicians, tried to reduce labour unrest, and acted as an electoral broker. It was perceived as the Mubarak family's first line of defence as it attempted to impose Gamal as Mubarak's successor.
他是第一个成为内阁总理的新生代安全官员。在二十世纪九十年代,他接受了FBI训练并吸收了其一些思维,尤其在增强了反穆巴拉克运动的广度和深度的伊拉克战争之后。他掌握了政府安全机构,一个在长时间里遏制内部异议者(开始是针对共产主义者,后来针对伊斯兰党)的机构,并且这个机构在最后十年处理了反对党,试图减少工人的骚乱并扮演选举人掮客的角色。它被认为是穆巴拉克家族的第一道防线,因为它试图使贾迈勒成为穆巴拉克的继任者。
The demise of al-Adly after the events of 28 January – he had disappeared from public view by the following day, when the army took over the building housing the Ministry of the Interior – is central to a proper understanding of what's been happening in Egypt. The protest movement's apparent victory over the riot police on Friday 28 January forced the regime to do what it had only done twice since the 1973 war: deploy the military. When Sadat did the same in response to the bread riots of 1977, the army leadership agreed only on condition that the price of bread would be lowered. In 1986, riot police – mostly made up of rural and illiterate conscripts – rioted against the extension of their conscription period: helicopter gunships shot them down as they emerged from their barracks near the Pyramids and headed towards downtown Cairo. Since then, Mubarak had kept the army out of public life: the identity of senior officers – household names during the wars with Israel – is unknown to most Egyptians.
1月28日事件后al-Adly的离职——当军队接管了内政部大楼,随后的日子里,他从公众视线中消失了——是对埃及所发生的一切的正确理解。1月28日星期五,抗议运动对防暴警察的胜利强迫政权进行军事部署,自1973年战争以来此类军事部署仅有二次。一次是,萨达特针对1977年的面包骚乱做了同样的事,而军队领导仅在面包价格会降低的情况下同意了。另一次是,1986年防暴警察—主要是由农村和文盲义务兵—发生骚乱抗议,反对延长他们的兵役期限:当他们从金字塔附近的营房出现时,武装直升机向他们射击然后飞往埃及市中心。以后,穆巴拉克就让军队远离公众生活:对高级官员的身份—这些在与以色列的战争家喻户晓的人物—对大多数埃及人而言是不熟悉的。
According to reports circulating in the Egyptian press, al-Adly was warned by Mubarak himself at 5 p.m. on 28 January that the army was about to arrive in central Cairo. The same reports suggest that a frustrated al-Adly decided to withdraw all police from the centre of Cairo and let loose the baltagiya – thugs hired by the police to beat up protesters – with orders to loot and cause mayhem (a Ministry of Interior document that appears to confirm this has surfaced on the internet). Later the same evening, prisoners were allowed to escape from several of Egypt's most important prisons and (in still unconfirmed reports) political prisoners were executed. At sites known to be used by the security forces, holes were being dug in which to burn and bury documents, tapes and CD recordings. Gangs of looters, some of them later found to be carrying IDs from the security services, looted supermarkets on the outskirts of the city.
在埃及新闻界,不断有消息传播说,1月28日下午5点,al-Adly被穆巴拉克本人警告说,军队打算进驻开罗中心。同样的报道猜测,失意的al-Adly决定将所有警察从开罗中心撤回,而且放开the baltagiya—受警察雇佣的殴打示威者的暴徒—引发抢劫并造成混乱(一封能证实消息属实的内政部文件已经出现在互联网上)。当天晚上稍晚些时候,埃及几所重要监狱里的囚犯被允许离开,而且(至今未有确实报道)政治犯被处决。在已知的保安部队使用的场所,不少坑被挖掘用来粉碎并埋葬文件、录音带、CD碟。一些抢劫团伙,其中一些人后来发现是携带保安部队的身份证,在城市郊区的超市抢劫。
The next day looting and violence were widespread. Neighbourhood watch groups were set up and manned checkpoints with almost comical seriousness, checking the ID of the most innocuous passers-by. Tanks block major intersections, particularly close to the centre, and helicopters fly continuously overhead. The entire military deployment feels staged, intended to cause alarm: most people have never experienced anything like this – Cairo has turned in the space of a few days from being one of the safest capitals in the world into a Sarajevo or Baghdad.
第二天,骚乱和暴力事件在蔓延,邻居们互相结团,并几乎是令人可笑的设置检查点,检查那些最无害的路人的身份。坦克封锁主要路口,特别是靠近市中心的地方,直升机飞行不断在头顶盘旋。整个军事部署感觉不断在表演,打算引发恐慌:大多数人没有经历过这样的情况—开罗已经从几天前世界上最安全的首都变成萨拉热窝或巴格达。
There was a reason the protesters launched their movement on 25 January: it was the day on which in 1952 British troops massacred police officers in Ismailiya, a town midway along the Suez Canal. In the Mubarak era, it was known as Police Day and celebrated by marches and demonstrations on the part of the Ministry of Interior's finest: its highlight in Cairo was a speedboat procession on the Nile. State television generally marked the occasion with a primetime interview with the minister of the interior, during which the interviewer (in recent years a notorious regime toady best known for his panting deference and startling combover of nicotine-stained hair) would marvel at the minister's feats of vigilance. All this pageantry has increased considerably over the past decade, a sign of Mubarak's increasing reliance on repression. In 2009, he announced that Police Day would now be a national holiday – which meant (providentially) that the 25 January protesters had the day off. The size of the protest – in Cairo alone an estimated twenty thousand people took part: although al-Jazeera and others exaggerated, claiming more than a hundred thousand – caught even the participants by surprise. What happened afterwards, culminating in a 'million-man march' on 1 February, was unprecedented. Most astonishing was the absence of fear among the protesters, most of whom were attending a political event for the first time.
抗议者在1月25日发起运动是有原因的:1952年的那一天,英国军队在Ismailiya,苏伊士运河中途的一个小镇,屠杀警察。在穆巴拉克年代,那一天被称为警察日,并被内政部的优秀人士通过游行和示威进行庆祝。其亮点是在开罗尼罗河上的一艘快艇游行。国家电视台通常通过在黄金时段对内政部长的采访来报道这一事件,在采访过程中(近年来在臭名昭著政权中他以哈巴狗式顺从和惊人的combover尼古丁染色的头发而闻名)采访者往往会惊叹于部长有如此警觉性的行为。在过去十年里,所有这些作为穆巴拉克政府越来越依赖于镇压的信号的壮观迹象不断增加。在2009年,他宣布警察日成为一个国家假期,这意味着(幸运的)表示,1月25日示威者有一天假。示威活动的规模—在开罗大约仅2万多人参加:虽然半岛电视台和其他机构夸张,申称超过十万—引起了甚至是参与者的惊讶。随后所发生的,2月1日的"百万人游行"的高潮,是前所未有的。最令人惊讶的是示威者缺乏恐惧感,其中大部分人是参加第一次政治活动。
By the afternoon and evening of 28 January, it had become clear to everyone that a major confrontation was coming. (Egypt's football association had the previous day announced the suspension of a game between Egypt's most popular club, al-Ahly, the National, and el-Shorta, the Police.) By midday, protesters across the country had taken on riot control forces armed with rubber bullets, rubber pellet shotguns, tear gas and armoured vehicles. They fought with great bravery, jumping on top of armoured vehicles, surrounding water cannon trucks and shaking them until they overturned. Teenagers ran towards tear gas canisters as they landed, picked them up and threw them back towards the troops. At times, protesters who had come equipped with medical masks and vinegar-soaked towels to neutralise the gas even attended to injured troops.
在1月28日的下午和晚上,人人都清楚,一个重大对抗即将到来。(埃及的足球协会在前一天宣布,埃及最热门的俱乐部,al-Ahly, the National, and el-Shorta, the Police之间的比赛停赛)到中午时分,在全国各地示威者同配备橡皮子弹,橡皮子弹枪,催泪瓦斯和装甲车的防暴部队进行了较量。他们勇敢地与之斗争,跳上装甲车顶,和周围装有高压水枪的车,摇晃它们,直到把它们推翻。青少年跑向落在地上的催泪弹,捡起来向部队投掷回去。同时,哪些带有医用口罩和醋浸泡过的毛巾,中和瓦斯气体的,示威者,甚至去诊治伤员。
The protesters' finest moment was what has become known as the Battle of Qasr al-Nil Bridge, during which they pushed back riot-control troops across a bridge linking Tahrir Square to the exclusive district of Zamalek. Security vehicles chased protesters, running several of them over, before themselves being immobilised and set on fire. A few protesters tried – unsuccessfully – to lift a police truck over the bridge's railing and into the Nile. Such news as trickled in from other cities, notably Suez and Ismailiya, suggested that even fiercer skirmishes were taking place there.
抗议者的最好的时刻是那场称为Qasr al-Nil桥之战,在那场斗争中,他们迟滞了防暴部队跨过连接解放广场到萨马莱克专属区的桥。安全部队的车辆追赶示威者,其中一些在运行之前,已被固定并被火焚毁。少数示威者试图使一辆警察的卡车越过桥的栏杆落入尼罗河里,但并没有成功。这样的消息从其他城市风传来,特别是苏伊士和伊斯梅利亚,这暗示着那里正在激烈的交火。
Later in the evening, an increasingly angry crowd of as many as a hundred thousand gathered again in Cairo's Tahrir Square – youths moved about in an adrenaline daze, shirtless in the January cold, their chests and backs bloody where they'd been struck by rubber bullets and pellets. Some stopped passing cars and began to siphon off petrol to make Motolov cocktails; others set fire to the security vehicles they had captured. The petrol was also used to torch the headquarters of the ruling National Democratic Party, just off the square: the blaze took three days to die out and came perilously close to spreading to the adjacent Egyptian Museum, which houses the Tutankhamun collection. Amid the chaos, some of the protesters mounted guard at the museum entrance, protecting it from looters. Some looters got in but they mostly ransacked the gift shop, though a few statuettes lay shattered on the floor the next day, left behind by looters disappointed that they were not solid gold.
当天晚上晚些时候,愤怒的人去数以百计的聚集在开罗的解放广场——年轻人群情激奋,在寒冷的一月都打着赤膊,在他们被橡皮子弹和颗粒击中的胸口和背部一片血腥。一些人截停经过的车辆并抽走汽油制造Motolov鸡尾酒,另一些人则放火烧毁他们截获的安全部队的车辆。这些汽油还被用于就在广场边上的民族民主党总部的照明:火焰燃烧了三天才熄灭,而且蔓延到接近相邻的收集了图坦卡蒙的埃及博物馆的危险地带。在这场骚乱中,一些示威者守卫在博物馆的门口,保护博物馆远离暴徒。有一些暴徒冲进了博物馆,但他们大多数是去打劫礼品店,虽然第二天少数雕像破碎的躺在地板上,但暴徒们失望的离开了,因为它们并不是纯金的。
The protesters don't represent any particular political party, civil society group, ideological tendency or social class. Some come from deep in Upper Egypt – which has generally seen less upheaval – and others from Alexandria. One man I met who had slept on the street for days told me he wouldn't leave until Mubarak does, or he dies himself. A middle-class, middle-aged couple giddy with excitement at taking part in their first political action since their university days in the 1970s carried a sheet of paper that simply said: 'Leave and let's live.' There may be a core of activists who have been preparing for this day, but they are outnumbered by people who are there just because they have had enough.
抗议者并不代表任何政党、民间社会团体、思想倾向或社会阶层。一些来自上埃及地区的底层——那里普遍很少出现动乱,还有一些来自亚历山大。我遇到的一个在街头睡了几天的人告诉我,他不会离开,直到穆巴拉克离开或是他自己死去。自20世纪70年代的大学时代起,一对中产阶级的中年夫妇激动不已地参加他们的首次政治活动,举着一张纸,上面简单的写着"滚开,让我们生活"。这或许是积极分子早为这一天做好准备的一个核心,但他们是寡不敌众的人,在那里仅仅是因为他们已经受够了。
A new political reality has taken shape in Egypt, one that goes beyond the legal opposition parties long complicit with the regime: the Muslim Brotherhood, which joined the protest movement late and reluctantly; and civil society groups and figures – Mohammed ElBaradei, for example – who have tried, unconvincingly, to claim leadership of the movement. Eventually, it will need a leader, but the events of recent days suggest that the regime – which has already split the formal opposition over the issue of Mubarak's immediate resignation, the protesters' one non-negotiable demand – is not serious about negotiating.
在埃及,一种新的政治现实已初步形成,一个超越了合法反对党长期与政权同谋的政治现实:穆斯林兄弟会,后期勉强参加了抗议活动;民间社会团体和人物——例如穆罕默德·巴拉迪,难以置信的试图声称是运动的领导者。最终,它是需要一位领导者的,但最近几天的事件暗示这个政权没有严肃对待谈判——它已经在,穆巴拉克立即辞职,这个抗议者不容谈判的问题上,分化正式反对派。
A pro-Mubarak movement has been drummed up, but many suspect that its members are plainclothes security officers and the usual hired thugs. Sadly, it's likely that it also includes low-level cadres from the ruling party and ordinary Egyptians manipulated by the propaganda broadcast all day long by the regime on all ten channels of state television (the ones most Egyptians watch), as well as on some of the privately owned satellite channels. I have heard it claimed that my former employer, the International Crisis Group, conspired against Egypt; the commentator held up as evidence the fact that the Crisis Group had issued a statement on the situation in Egypt and that its previously published reports on Sudan and Kosovo had led to unrest in those countries. George Soros, one of the group's main funders, was said to be the mastermind behind this plot (countless other Egyptian Glenn Becks would repeat the charge of muamara – 'conspiracy' – against the nation orchestrated by 'foreign hands'). Pro-Mubarak youths were interviewed and allowed to claim that the anti-Mubarak protesters were all foreigners and Jews. A woman whose appearance and voice were changed to hide her identity claimed she had been an anti-Mubarak activist and had received subversion training from Israelis and Americans.
亲穆巴拉克运动已鼓动起来,但许多人怀疑该活动成员大多数为安全部便衣警察及受雇的暴徒。遗憾的是,很可能还包括来自统治党的低级军官,和被政府日夜播放的所有的十个国家电视频道(其中有些是大多数埃及人看的)以及一些私人卫星电视频道里鼓动宣传所欺骗、操控的普通埃及民众。据说我以前工作的公司——国际危机集团曾密谋颠覆埃及。评论员提出有证据表明该集团就埃及形势发表了一个立场声明,其先前发表的有关苏丹和科索沃的报告曾导致了这些国家的动荡。这个集团的主要创始人之一 乔治·索罗斯据说是这个阴谋的策划者(Glenn Becks向无数其他埃及人反复告诫的muamara—'阴谋'—由外国人所策划的反对国家)。亲穆巴拉克运动年轻人接受采访并受许可宣称反穆巴拉克的抗议者都是外国人和犹太人。一位不愿透露其身份的妇女声称她曾经是一位反穆巴拉克份子并曾接受过来自以色列人和美国人的颠覆活动训练。
The regime is exploiting the fears of a largely poor and uneducated population, which only a few days earlier had shown itself capable of great solidarity, and blaming the insecurity it created itself on the protest movement. The concessions thus far – Mubarak's announced departure, a willingness to negotiate constitutional and other reforms – were intended to achieve only two things. First, to counter foreign, and particularly American, pressure on the regime. Second, to make the public believe that a protest movement which continued to insist on Mubarak's immediate departure was not being reasonable. That argument has convinced many people who are desperate for things to return to normal.
政权是在利用大多数贫穷、没有受过教育的人的恐惧。仅仅几天前他们已经显示了本身具有极大的团结性,他们被责备为依靠抗议运动创造了不安全。到目前为止政权的让步是,穆巴拉克宣布离开,其所就宪法和其他的改革事项进行的谈判正被导引达到两件事情。一是削弱外国,尤其是美国对专制政权的压力。二是要让民众相信这场旨在让穆巴拉克下台的抗议运动正在变得不合适了。这个观点说服了不少渴望回到正常生活中去的人们。
When Ben-Ali fled from Tunis, he created a vacuum at the top of the state that was imperfectly but quickly filled. The initial interim government did not please many, but a sense of civic duty appears for now to have stabilised the situation without a resort to authoritarianism. Mubarak, on the other hand, created a security vacuum in order to spread panic. In agreeing to step down, he tried to ensure that the regime would survive. Egypt is not Tunisia, at least not yet.
当本阿里逃离突尼斯时,他在国家的高层形成的权力真空被不完美但迅速地替代。最初的临时政府并没有令大多数人满意, 但它目前已显现出一种理智的态度,不付诸独裁的方式而使形势稳定下来。在另一方面,穆巴拉克为加大恐慌制造了一个安防真空。在同意辞职的情况下,他试图使政权得以保存。埃及不是突尼斯,至少目前不是。
4 February
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